Submission
The journal’s policy is open access and creative commons. Authors retain their rights to republish this material in other works written or edited by them, subject to full acknowledgement of the original source of publication.
Please prepare your manuscript before submission according to APA Manual 7th edition, and use the following guidelines. Manuscripts should be submitted by ONLY one of the authors of the manuscript (corresponding author). Only electronic PDF (.pdf) and Word (.doc, .docx, .rtf) files can be submitted through the submission platform after proper registration. Research articles are suggested to be between 6,000 and 10,000 words. Review papers should not exceed 6,000 words. Submissions and communications by anyone other than the corresponding author will not be accepted. The corresponding author should take responsibility for the manuscript during submission, peer review, and final publication of the manuscript.
Submission Requirements
- Make sure ALL authors are registered and have access to the manuscript through the ADS platform.
- The Anonymous Manuscript has been formatted to the journals’ standards and APA Manual 7th edition, AND
- ALL authors’ complete names, emails, and affiliations have been included correctly, AND
- Suggested reviewer form has been included in the submission.
Terms of Submission
Manuscripts must be submitted on the understanding that they have not been published elsewhere and are only being considered by this journal. The submitting author is responsible for ensuring that the article’s publication has been approved by all the other coauthors. It is also the submitting author’s responsibility to ensure that the article has all necessary institutional approvals. Only an acknowledgment from the editorial office officially establishes the date of receipt. Further correspondence and proofs will be sent to the author(s) before publication, unless otherwise indicated. It is a condition of submission that the authors permit editing of the manuscript for readability. inquiries concerning the publication of accepted manuscripts should be addressed through the online submission system.
Peer Review
All manuscripts are subject to peer review and are expected to meet the standards of academic excellence. If approved by the editor, submissions will be considered by peer reviewers, whose identities will remain anonymous to the authors. Our Research Integrity team will occasionally seek advice outside standard peer review, for example, on submissions with serious ethical, security, biosecurity, or societal implications. We may consult experts and the academic editor before deciding on appropriate actions, including but not limited to: recruiting reviewers with specific expertise, assessment by additional editors, and declining to further consider a submission.
Concurrent Submissions
In order to ensure sufficient diversity within the authorship of the journal, authors will be limited to having two manuscripts under review at any point in time. If an author already has two manuscripts under review in the journal, they will need to wait until the review process of at least one of these manuscripts is complete before submitting another manuscript for consideration. This policy does not apply to Editorials or other non-peer-reviewed manuscript types.
Units of Measurement
Units of measurement should be presented simply and concisely using the International System of Units (SI).
Article Types
The journal will consider the following article types:
Research Articles
Research articles should present the results of an original research study. These manuscripts should describe how the research project was conducted and provide a thorough analysis of the results of the project. Systematic reviews may be submitted as research articles.
Reviews
A review article provides an overview of the published literature in a particular subject area.
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary materials are the additional parts of the manuscript, such as audio files, video clips, or datasets that might be of interest to readers. Authors can submit one file of supplementary material along with their manuscript through the Manuscript Tracking System. If there is more than one file, they can be uploaded as a .ZIP file.
A section titled “Supplementary Material” should be included before the references list with a concise description for each supplementary material file. Supplementary materials are not modified by our production team. Authors are responsible for providing the final supplementary materials files that will be published along with the article.
Proofs
Corrected proofs must be returned to the publisher within two to three days of receipt. The publisher will do everything possible to ensure prompt publication.
Copyright and Permissions
Authors retain the copyright of their manuscripts, and all Open Access articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations. The submitting author is responsible for securing any permissions needed for the reuse of copyrighted materials included in the manuscript.
While the advice and information in this journal are believed to be true and accurate on the date of its going to press, neither the authors, the editors, nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
Conflicts of Interest
Conflicts of interest (COIs, also known as ‘competing interests’) occur when issues outside research could be reasonably perceived to affect the neutrality or objectivity of the work or its assessment. For more information, see our publication ethics policy. Authors must declare all potential interests – whether or not they actually had an influence – in a ‘Conflicts of Interest’ section, which should explain why the interest may be a conflict. If there are none, the authors should state “The author(s) declare(s) that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.” Submitting authors are responsible for coauthors declaring their interests. Declared conflicts of interest will be considered by the editor and reviewers and included in the published article.
Authors must declare current or recent funding (including for Article Processing Charges) and other payments, goods or services that might influence the work. All funding, whether a conflict or not, must be declared in the “Funding Statement”. The involvement of anyone other than the authors who 1) has an interest in the outcome of the work; 2) is affiliated to an organization with such an interest; or 3) was employed or paid by a funder, in the commissioning, conception, planning, design, conduct, or analysis of the work, the preparation or editing of the manuscript, or the decision to publish must be declared.
APC Fee and Editing/Checking Fee
Upon conditional acceptance of a manuscript, authors are required to pay an editing/checking fee. Following receipt of both the APC and the editing/checking fee, our professional editors will undertake the following:
- Verification of Technical Elements: Editors will meticulously examine equations, tables, figures, citations, and references for accuracy and consistency. Any discrepancies identified will be communicated to the Editor, who will then request revisions from the author. The revised draft will subsequently be re-evaluated by our editors.
- Correction of Surface Errors: Editors will address typographical errors, grammatical inconsistencies, and structural issues within the manuscript.
- Refinement of Text: Where necessary, editors will refine sentence and paragraph construction to enhance clarity and conciseness.
- Assessment of Core Content: Editors will critically evaluate the methodology, empirical analysis, inferences, and conclusions presented in the manuscript. Should any issues be identified regarding the validity of the methodology, the robustness of the empirical analysis, or the justification of the inferences and conclusions, the authors will be notified and requested to revise their work accordingly. The revised draft will then undergo further review.
Acceptance is contingent upon the manuscript demonstrating sound scholarship and clear writing, free from significant flaws. Our Editors will rigorously assess each manuscript. If substantial issues are identified, authors will be asked to revise and resubmit. Failure to revise will result in rejection. If revisions are deemed unsatisfactory, further revisions will be requested until the manuscript meets our standards.
Editing/Checking Fee Scope and Additional Rewriting Services
The editing/checking fee covers the correction of simple grammatical errors and surface-level textual issues. This service explicitly excludes:
(a) Substantive revisions to equations, formulas, the methodology section, and the results section.
(b) Rewriting of the introduction, conclusion, and abstract.
If a manuscript requires substantial work in presenting equations, formulas, or in the articulation of the methodology and results, a separate rewriting fee of USD 200 will be charged for addressing these specific sections. Similarly, if the introduction, conclusion, and abstract require significant rewriting, a separate rewriting fee of USD 200 will apply for this service. This distinction ensures clarity regarding the scope of the initial editing/checking fee and the availability of additional, more comprehensive rewriting services.
While our rewriting service is available to assist with manuscript preparation, it is not mandatory. The authors are welcome to revise the manuscript independently. Our goal is to publish high-quality research efficiently. Therefore, we will provide targeted feedback on areas requiring improvement. To maintain a smooth publication process, we ask that authors meticulously review the entire manuscript with each revision, ensuring all necessary changes are made. Choosing not to use the rewriting service may result in a longer revision process and a corresponding delay in publication.
Further Clarifications on the Editing Process and Refunds
If, prior to editing, our editors identify major flaws in a manuscript, authors will be asked to revise. If the authors decline to revise, or if the revision is unsatisfactory, a full refund of the APC, editing, and checking fees will be issued. We will cover the costs associated with the refund transfer. The author is responsible for the transfer fees associated with the initial payment.
If issues are discovered after editing has commenced, authors will be asked to revise. If the authors decline to revise, or if the revision is unsatisfactory, only the APC will be refunded, as the editing and checking fees compensate for the editor’s time.
In cases where the required revisions are minor and the authors choose not to address them, the cost of the refund transfer will be deducted from the APC refund. However, if the required revisions are substantial and present a significant challenge, we will cover the cost of the refund transfer.
Authors are responsible for adhering to the journal’s formatting guidelines. However, our editors will provide guidance on formatting requirements.
Rewrite the Methodology and Results
We find some papers have problems in writing the methodology and results sections, for example, there are some problems in
Z_SCORE𝑖,𝑡= 𝛽0 + 𝛽1FX_DERIVATIVE𝑖,𝑡 + 𝛽2CEOPOWER𝑖,𝑡 + ∑ 𝛽𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑖,𝑡 + αi + αt + 𝜇i,t (1)
Z_SCORE𝑖,𝑡= 𝛽0 + 𝛽1FX_SWAP𝑖,𝑡 + 𝛽2CEOPOWER𝑖,𝑡 + ∑ 𝛽𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑖,𝑡 + αi + αt + 𝜇i,t (2)
Z_SCORE𝑖,𝑡= 𝛽0 + 𝛽1INTEREST_SWAP𝑖,𝑡 + 𝛽2CEOPOWER𝑖,𝑡 + ∑ 𝛽𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑖,𝑡 + αi + αt + 𝜇i,t (3)
where Z-score represents the bank risk (Khan, et al., 2017). Independent variables are FX DERIVATIVE, FX SWAP, and INTEREST SWAP. CEOPOWER includes CEO salary (CEOS), CEO ownership (CEOO), and CEO tenure (CEOT).
Firstly, (a) it should be
Z_SCORE𝑖,𝑡= 𝛽0 + 𝛽1FX_DERIVATIVE𝑖,𝑡 + 𝛽2CEOPOWER𝑖,𝑡 + ∑ 𝛽𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑖,𝑡,q + αi + αt + 𝜇i,t (1)
Z_SCORE𝑖,𝑡= 𝛽0 + 𝛽1FX_SWAP𝑖,𝑡 + 𝛽2CEOPOWER𝑖,𝑡 + ∑ 𝛽𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑖,𝑡,q + αi + αt + 𝜇i,t (2)
Z_SCORE𝑖,𝑡= 𝛽0 + 𝛽1INTEREST_SWAP𝑖,𝑡 + 𝛽2CEOPOWER𝑖,𝑡 + ∑ 𝛽𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑖,𝑡,q + αi + αt + 𝜇i,t (3)
in which the Z-score represents the bank risk (Khan, et al., 2017) and the independent variables are FX DERIVATIVE, FX SWAP, INTEREST SWAP, CEOPOWER, control variables, αi , and αt. ….
b) ∑ 𝛽𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑖,𝑡 has not been well-defined, what is “q”? should it be ∑ 𝛽𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑖,𝑡, q The authors should explain q in their paper.
c) The authors use
αi is the firm fixed effect controls for unique effect firm-specific and time-invariant unobservable. αt is the year-fixed effect, which controls for factors changing each year common to all cities for a given year.
The authors should use different symbols, if not, say, e.g. for firm 1 and year 1, they will have the same αi, no good.
d) The authors should choose any common symbol for the residual.
𝜇 usually refers to the mean.
We will tell the authors the problems and we expect the authors will revise their paper to solve the problems. However, some authors may not have time to revise their paper. in this situation, the authors could pay us USD$200 rewriting fee for the methodology and results sections, (excluding transferring fee and cost), we will get professional editors to rewrite the methodology and results sections of their paper but not other sections like the introduction and conclusion sections and abstract.
If later on, we find there are serious problems in the writing of the introduction and conclusion sections and abstract, we will tell the authors the problems and the authors could rewrite their paper to solve the problems. However, the authors could pay us USD$200 rewriting fee (for the introduction and conclusion sections and abstract). Our professional editor will rewrite the introduction and conclusion sections and abstract of their paper, see Rewriting fee for more information. After the authors pay us USD$200 rewriting fee for the methodology and results sections, our professional editor will rewrite the authors could pay us the methodology and results sections of the paper. in this connection, the authors could
1) Empower us to rewrite the methodology and results sections of their paper, or
2) We will tell the authors the problems and let the authors decide what to use,
For example, in (c), the authors could decide what symbols to be used or empower our professional editor to make the decision on what symbols to be used.
Nevertheless, sometimes our professional editor does not know how to rewrite their paper, for example, for (b), we need the authors to tell us what is “q”.
Withdraw
Authors are welcome to withdraw their submissions at any time. However, please note that any fees paid, including the Article Processing Charge (APC), are non-refundable. This is due to the necessary administrative and editorial processes involved.
For example, if we identify issues in the methodology or results sections of a submission, we may request the authors to revise these sections. If the authors choose not to revise their paper or opt not to pay the fee for revisions and instead decide to withdraw, the APC will not be refunded. We are committed to maintaining the high standard of our publications, and cannot publish papers with significant writing issues.